Evacuation of Refugees from Afghanistan: Health Control at the Spanish Border in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Following the announcement of the retreat of troops from Afghanistan, the Spanish Government organised the so-called "Antigone Operation" for the evacuation of Afghan collaborators. The most relevant ministries were involved in the response. The Ministry of Health, through the Foreign Health Department, performed the health control on arrival. The whole operation was conducted at an air base. It included the health control of refugees composed of temperature measurement, a basic visual control and a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) rapid antigen test for those over 12 years of age; the assessment of their basic needs (food and hygiene); identification and security procedures; and the initial administrative processing. The refugees were accommodated in a temporary facility at the base, where they waited to be transferred to their final destinations. Between 19 and 27 August 2021, 2168 refugees arrived on 17 flights; 680 of them were children under 12 years of age. One thousand four hundred and ninety-nine rapid antigen tests were performed, with one positive result. "Antigone Operation" is unprecedented in Spain and is one of the most complex operations carried out in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic required the establishment of a health control system on arrival, performed by Foreign Health, which contributed significantly to the overall success of the operation.

Validation of the Spanish version of the student adaptation to college questionnaire (SACQ-50) with Peruvian students.

Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the Spanish Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ-50, Spanish version). Participants: 1513 students from 14 universities in Peru, mainly females (61.5%), aged between 18 and 30 years. Method: Cross-sectional study with the questionnaire administered in person. Confirmatory factorial analysis was conducted to confirm the scale validity. Results: adequate fits were obtained for the multidimensional structure and for the second order factor of the test. Alpha and omega coefficients indicated adequate test reliability. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the SACQ-50 is a multidimensional scale displaying adequate reliability and validity. The scale may be useful for researchers and other professionals working in the university context.

The promising role of new molecular biomarkers in prostate cancer: from coding and non-coding genes to artificial intelligence approaches.

BACKGROUND: Risk stratification or progression in prostate cancer is performed with the support of clinical-pathological data such as the sum of the Gleason score and serum levels PSA. For several decades, methods aimed at the early detection of prostate cancer have included the determination of PSA serum levels. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview about recent advances in the discovery of new molecular biomarkers through transcriptomics, genomics and artificial intelligence that are expected to improve clinical management of the prostate cancer patient. METHODS: An exhaustive search was conducted by Pubmed, Google Scholar and Connected Papers using keywords relating to the genetics, genomics and artificial intelligence in prostate cancer, it includes "biomarkers", "non-coding RNAs", "lncRNAs", "microRNAs", "repetitive sequence", "prognosis", "prediction", "whole-genome sequencing", "RNA-Seq", "transcriptome", "machine learning", and "deep learning". RESULTS: New advances, including the search for changes in novel biomarkers such as mRNAs, microRNAs, lncRNAs, and repetitive sequences, are expected to contribute to an earlier and accurate diagnosis for each patient in the context of precision medicine, thus improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients. We analyze several aspects that are relevant for prostate cancer including its new molecular markers associated with diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction to therapy and how bioinformatic approaches such as machine learning and deep learning can contribute to clinic. Furthermore, we also include current techniques that will allow an earlier diagnosis, such as Spatial Transcriptomics, Exome Sequencing, and Whole-Genome Sequencing. CONCLUSION: Transcriptomic and genomic analysis have contributed to generate knowledge in the field of prostate carcinogenesis, new information about coding and non-coding genes as biomarkers has emerged. Synergies created by the implementation of artificial intelligence to analyze and understand sequencing data have allowed the development of clinical strategies that facilitate decision-making and improve personalized management in prostate cancer.

Esporotricosis: una enfermedad ocupacional y desatendida / Sporotrichosis: an occupational and neglected disease

Las enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas afectan a poblaciones socioeconómicas pobres que viven en condiciones aisladas y que por su naturaleza crónica y silenciosa es común en comunidades con voz política débil, lo que refleja mínimas acciones de prevención, vigilancia y control de parte del Estado. Existe subregistro de la enfermedad y carencia de métodos de diagnósticos oportunos a pesar de que más de mil millones de personas las padecen en el mundo.1 En ese contexto quisiéramos discutir acerca de la esporotricosis, una micosis ocupacional y desatendida que pone en riesgo a la salud. La esporotricosis, es una micosis subcutánea de curso crónico producido por diferentes especies del genero Sporothrix entre ellas, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix mexicana y Sporothrix luriei.2 La infección se adquiere por implantación traumática de estructura fúngicas, que se encuentra ampliamente distribuidas en la naturaleza, especialmente en el suelo, espinas de plantas, vegetales en descomposición pero también por arañazo o mordedura de gatos.3,4 Esta enfermedad tiene una distribución mundial debido a su alta prevalencia especialmente en áreas de países tropicales y subtropicales donde sudamérica presenta una incidencia estimada anual de 48 a 60 casos por 100 000 habitantes.5 Mientras que en Perú, la mayor frecuencia se produce en zonas endémicas de regiones andinas de Cajamarca, Cusco, La Libertad, Ayacucho y Abancay, este último es hiperendémico con reportes de incidencia anual de 98 casos...(AU)

Esporotricosis: una enfermedad ocupacional y desatendida / Sporotrichosis: an occupational and neglected disease

Las enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas afectan a poblaciones socioeconómicas pobres que viven en condiciones aisladas y que por su naturaleza crónica y silenciosa es común en comunidades con voz política débil, lo que refleja mínimas acciones de prevención, vigilancia y control de parte del Estado. Existe subregistro de la enfermedad y carencia de métodos de diagnósticos oportunos a pesar de que más de mil millones de personas las padecen en el mundo.1 En ese contexto quisiéramos discutir acerca de la esporotricosis, una micosis ocupacional y desatendida que pone en riesgo a la salud. La esporotricosis, es una micosis subcutánea de curso crónico producido por diferentes especies del genero Sporothrix entre ellas, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix mexicana y Sporothrix luriei.2 La infección se adquiere por implantación traumática de estructura fúngicas, que se encuentra ampliamente distribuidas en la naturaleza, especialmente en el suelo, espinas de plantas, vegetales en descomposición pero también por arañazo o mordedura de gatos.3,4 Esta enfermedad tiene una distribución mundial debido a su alta prevalencia especialmente en áreas de países tropicales y subtropicales donde sudamérica presenta una incidencia estimada anual de 48 a 60 casos por 100 000 habitantes.5 Mientras que en Perú, la mayor frecuencia se produce en zonas endémicas de regiones andinas de Cajamarca, Cusco, La Libertad, Ayacucho y Abancay, este último es hiperendémico con reportes de incidencia anual de 98 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes.3 En tal escenario, vivir en una zona endémica es ya un factor de infección. Los pacientes con esporotricosis presentan diferentes formas clínicas que varía de acuerdo a su estado inmunológico, carga fúngica, profundidad del inóculo y virulencia del hongo.3 Las manifestaciones más comunes son la forma linfocutánea en 75 por ciento y la cutánea fija en el 20 por ciento; la primera de ellas se caracteriza por afectación linfática acompañado de aparición de nódulos subcutáneos y la segunda está focalizada en el sitio de infección.6 Independientemente del tipo de especie, esta micosis afecta con mayor frecuencia a regiones más expuestas como la cara, extremidades superiores y extremidades inferiores3 de personas que viven en zonas endémicas entre ellos campesinos que en el ejercicio de su actividad adquieren la infección, razón por la cual esta micosis es considerada también una enfermedad ocupacional.5 Hemos observado en la práctica clínica, casos de adultos y niños con antecedente de haber recibido tratamiento completo para leishmaniasis cutánea sin evolución clínica y al ser referido al Hospital regional Lambayeque se diagnosticaron como esporotricosis por cultivo, lo que orientó iniciar tratamiento con itraconazol a dosis de 100 mg/día con mejoría clínica y cicatrización de lesiones a partir de 20 días, por lo que continuaron su tratamiento con sus respectivos controles hasta 6 meses, en que recibieron el alta. Por lo expuesto consideramos que la accidentada geografía del Perú determina variados problemas de salud pública entre ellas la esporotricosis, una enfermedad de reporte no obligatorio a pesar de ser endémico en diferentes lugares y más aun sabiendo que la población afectada...(AU)

The Maritime Declaration of Health (MDH) as a tool to detect maritime traffic-related health risks: analysis of MDH forms submitted to Spanish ports, October 2014 to March 2015.

The international maritime traffic of people and goods has often contributed to the spread of pathogens affecting public health. The Maritime Declaration of Health (MDH), according to the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005), is a document containing data related to the state of health on board a ship during passage and on arrival at port. It is a useful tool for early detection of public health risks. The main objective of our study was to evaluate compliance with the model provided in the IHR, focusing on the format and degree of completion of MDH forms received at Spanish ports. We reviewed the content of 802 MDH forms submitted to nine Spanish ports between October 2014 and March 2015. Study results show that 22% of MDH forms presented did not comply with the recommended model and 39% were incomplete. The proportion of cargo ships with correct and complete MDH forms was lower than passenger ships; thus, the nine health questions were answered less frequently by cargo ships than passenger ships (63% vs 90%, p value < 0.001). The appropriate demand and usage of MDH forms by competent authorities should improve the quality of the document as a tool and improve risk assessment.

[Child malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in Peru: trends and determinants]. / Desnutrición infantil en menores de cinco años en Perú: tendencias y factores determinantes.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze malnutrition and anemia trends in Peruvian children under 5 years of age and their association with determinants in the 2000-2011 period. METHODS: Nutritional indicators for children under 5 years of age from the 2011 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES), and their evolution based on data from the 2000, 2005, and 2008 ENDES, were analyzed. Chronic malnutrition (CM) (height/age ≤ 2 SD), acute malnutrition (AM), (height/weight ≤ 2 SD), and anemia trends were estimated. Associations were found with factors such as sex, age, area of residence (urban or rural), region of residence, mother's education, wealth quintile, availability of public water system, sewer availability, altitude, presence of other children in household, birth order, presence of diarrhea in previous 15 days, and presence of cough in previous 15 days. RESULTS: AM, CM, and anemia in Peruvian children under 5 years of age decreased from 2000-2011. This reduction was not uniform for the three conditions, with decreases of 1.1% to 0.4% recorded for AM, 31.6% to 19.6% for CM, and 50.4% to 30.7% for anemia. Although the factors analyzed were related to the prevalence of these three illnesses, calculation of the adjusted odds ratios showed significant differences for CM (mother's education, Sierra region, altitude greater than 2 500 m above sea level, presence of two or more children in household, and being the third or successive child) and anemia (child sex [higher in males], children under 2 years of age, Resto de costa region and Selva region, altitude greater than 2 500 m above sea level, availability of public water system, sewer availability, presence of two or more children in household, and presence of diarrhea within 15 days prior to the survey). For AM, differences were observed according to some factors but they were not significant in the adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: In the 2000-2011 period, Peru achieved reduction of its CM, AM, and anemia rates. AM rates decreased to almost one-third, with overall figures remaining fairly low, and affecting to a greater extent highly localized areas and groups of the country. However, the current rates of chronic malnutrition and anemia continue to be very high, which represents a true challenge for public policy, as occurs in other countries of the region. In order to overcome this challenge it will be necessary to change the approach, no longer conceiving of child malnutrition exclusively as a nutritional problem and instead placing greater emphasis on the related determinants. Finally, comprehensive and integrated initiatives should be encouraged and strengthened in the poorest communities.

Desnutrición infantil en menores de cinco años en Perú: tendencias y factores determinantes / Child malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in Peru: trends and determinants

OBJETIVO: Analizar las tendencias en materia de desnutrición y anemia en menores de 5 años peruanos y su asociación con algunos factores determinantes en el período 2000-2011. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron indicadores nutricionales de menores de 5 años de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) 2011 y su evolución a partir de datos de las ENDES 2000, 2005 y 2008. Se estimaron las tendencias de desnutrición crónica (DC) (talla/ edad ≤ 2DS), de desnutrición aguda (DA) (peso/talla ≤ 2DS) y de anemia. Se encontraron asociaciones con factores como sexo del niño, edad del niño, zona de residencia (urbana o rural), región de residencia, educación de la madre, quintil de riqueza, disponibilidad de red pública de agua, disponibilidad de cloacas, nivel de altitud, presencia de otros niños en el hogar, orden de los nacimientos, presencia de diarrea en los 15 días previos y presencia de tos en los 15 días previos. RESULTADOS: La DA, la DC y la anemia en menores de 5 años peruanos han descendido entre 2000 y 2011. Tal disminución no ha sido homogénea para las tres afecciones, registrando descensos de 1,1% a 0,4% para DA, de 31,6% a 19,6% para DC y de 50,4% a 30,7% para anemia. Si bien los factores analizados se relacionaron con las prevalencias de estos tres padecimientos, al calcular las razones de probabilidades ajustadas se encontraron diferencias significativas para DC (educación de la madre, región de Sierra, altitud por encima de 2 500 msnm, presencia de dos o más hijos en el hogar y ser el tercer hijo o sucesivo) y para anemia (sexo del niño [más en varones], niños menores de 2 años, región Resto de costa y región Selva, altitud por encima de 2 500 msnm, disponibilidad de red pública de agua, disponibilidad de cloacas, presencia de dos o más hijos en el hogar y presencia de diarrea en los 15 días previos a la encuesta). Para DA se observaron diferencias según algunos factores, pero no resultaron significativas en el modelo ajustado. CONCLUSIONES: En el período 2000-2011, Perú ha logrado disminuir sus tasas de DC, DA y de anemia. Las tasas de DA han descendido casi a un tercio, manteniéndose en cifras generales más bien bajas, y afecta en mayor medida a zonas y colectivos muy localizados del país. Sin embargo, las actuales tasas de desnutrición crónica y de anemia siguen siendo muy altas, lo que constituye un verdadero desafío para las políticas públicas, al igual que sucede en otros países de la región. Para superar ese reto será necesario modificar el enfoque, dejando de concebir a la desnutrición infantil como un problema exclusivamente alimentario y haciendo hincapié en los factores determinantes asociados. Por último, en las comunidades más pobres se deberán incentivar y fortalecer iniciativas integrales e integradas.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze malnutrition and anemia trends in Peruvian children under 5 years of age and their association with determinants in the 2000-2011 period. METHODS: Nutritional indicators for children under 5 years of age from the 2011 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES), and their evolution based on data from the 2000, 2005, and 2008 ENDES, were analyzed. Chronic malnutrition (CM) (height/age ≤ 2 SD), acute malnutrition (AM), (height/weight ≤ 2 SD), and anemia trends were estimated. Associations were found with factors such as sex, age, area of residence (urban or rural), region of residence, mother's education, wealth quintile, availability of public water system, sewer availability, altitude, presence of other children in household, birth order, presence of diarrhea in previous 15 days, and presence of cough in previous 15 days. RESULTS: AM, CM, and anemia in Peruvian children under 5 years of age decreased from 2000-2011. This reduction was not uniform for the three conditions, with decreases of 1.1% to 0.4% recorded for AM, 31.6% to 19.6% for CM, and 50.4% to 30.7% for anemia. Although the factors analyzed were related to the prevalence of these three illnesses, calculation of the adjusted odds ratios showed significant differences for CM (mother's education, Sierra region, altitude greater than 2 500 m above sea level, presence of two or more children in household, and being the third or successive child) and anemia (child sex [higher in males], children under 2 years of age, Resto de costa region and Selva region, altitude greater than 2 500 m above sea level, availability of public water system, sewer availability, presence of two or more children in household, and presence of diarrhea within 15 days prior to the survey). For AM, differences were observed according to some factors but they were not significant in the adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: In the 2000-2011 period, Peru achieved reduction of its CM, AM, and anemia rates. AM rates decreased to almost one-third, with overall figures remaining fairly low, and affecting to a greater extent highly localized areas and groups of the country. However, the current rates of chronic malnutrition and anemia continue to be very high, which represents a true challenge for public policy, as occurs in other countries of the region. In order to overcome this challenge it will be necessary to change the approach, no longer conceiving of child malnutrition exclusively as a nutritional problem and instead placing greater emphasis on the related determinants. Finally, comprehensive and integrated initiatives should be encouraged and strengthened in the poorest communities.

Implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy in Peru and its association with health indicators: an ecological analysis.

The Multi-Country Evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE) was launched to assess the global effectiveness of this strategy. Impact evaluations were started in five countries. The objectives of the Peru MCE were: (1) to document trends in IMCI implementation in the 24 departments of Peru from 1996 to 2000; (2) to document trends in indicators of health services coverage and impact (mortality and nutritional status) for the same period; (3) to correlate changes in these two sets of indicators, and (4) to attempt to rule out contextual factors that may affect the observed trends and correlations. An ecological analysis was performed in which the units of study were the 24 departments. By 2000, 10.2% of clinical health workers were trained in IMCI, but some districts showed considerably higher rates. There were no significant associations between clinical IMCI training coverage and indicators of outpatient utilization, vaccine coverage, mortality or malnutrition. The lack of association persisted after adjustment for several contextual factors including socioeconomic and environmental indicators and the presence of other child health projects. Community health workers were also trained in IMCI, and training coverage was not associated with any of the process or impact indicators, except for a significant positive correlation with mean height for age. According to the MCE impact model, IMCI implementation must be sufficiently strong to lead to an impact on health and nutrition. Health systems support for IMCI implementation in Peru was far from adequate. This finding, along with low training coverage level and a relatively low child mortality rate, may explain why the expected impact was not documented. Nevertheless, even districts with high levels of training coverage failed to show an impact. Further national effectiveness studies of IMCI and other child interventions are warranted as these interventions are scaled up.

Scaling up integrated management of childhood illness to the national level: achievements and challenges in Peru.

This paper presents the first published report of a national-level effort to implement the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy at scale. IMCI was introduced in Peru in late 1996, the early implementation phase started in 1997, with the expansion phase starting in 1998. Here we report on a retrospective evaluation designed to describe and analyze the process of taking IMCI to scale in Peru, conducted as one of five studies within the Multi-Country Evaluation of IMCI Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE) coordinated by the World Health Organization. Trained surveyors visited each of Peru's 34 districts, interviewed district health staff and reviewed district records. Findings show that IMCI was not institutionalized in Peru: it was implemented parallel to existing programmes to address acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea, sharing budget lines and management staff. The number of health workers trained in IMCI case management increased until 1999 and then decreased in 2000 and 2001, with overall coverage levels among doctors and nurses calculated to be 10.3%. Efforts to implement the community component of IMCI began with the training of community health workers in 2000, but expected synergies between health facility and community interventions were not realized because districts where clinical training was most intense were not those where community IMCI training was strongest. We summarize the constraints to scaling up IMCI, and examine both the methodological and policy implications of the findings. Few monitoring data were available to document IMCI implementation in Peru, limiting the potential of retrospective evaluations to contribute to programme improvement. Even basic indicators recommended for national monitoring could not be calculated at either district or national levels. The findings document weaknesses in the policy and programme supports for IMCI that would cripple any intervention delivered through the health service delivery system. The Ministry of Health in Peru is now working to address these weaknesses; other countries working to achieve high and equitable coverage with essential child survival interventions can learn from their experience.

Estudio de oferta de los servicios de salud en el Perú y el análisis de brechas 2003 - 2020.

Provee información acerca de las condiciones reales de la oferta de servicios de salud en el Perú, en términos de su dimensión, eficiencia y capacidad productiva potencial, entre otros, y se da luces respecto a la direccionalidad y magnitud de los desequilibrios actuales y esperados en el mercado de salud peruano y se establecen lineamientos para la asignación de recursos sobre la base de la programación de las necesidades de gastos de mediano plazo. Documento en formato pdf; requiere el Acrobat Reader.

Utilidad de las igg fraccionadas en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la hidatidosis / Usefull of IgG subclasses in the diagnosis of human hydatid diasease and follow-up

Fundamento: Evaluar las IgG fraccionadas en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la hidatidosis. Material y métodos: Se han estudiado 82 sueros de 50 enfermos diagnosticados previamente de hidatidosis. Estos pacientes fueron divididos en distintos grupos en función de su sintomatología. Se incluyeron 10 sueros de personas sanas como grupo control. Todos los sueros fueron previamente estudiados mediante una técnica de hemaglutinación indirecta. A todos los sueros positivos se les realizó un enzimoinmunoanálisis para determinar las IgG fraccionadas. Resultados: La IgG1 fue positiva en 81 de los 82 pacientes. La IgG2 y la IgG3 fueron positivas en 12 y en 2 pacientes, respectivamente. La IgG4 fue positiva en el 94,4 por ciento de los pacientes con sintomatología de hidatidosis, en el 100 por ciento de los enfermos intervenidos con anterioridad a los que no se practicó una cirugía radical, y en ningún caso en pacientes a los que se realizó cirugía radical o los quistes estaban calcificados. Conclusiones: Las IgG1 e IgG4 pueden ser utilizadas conjuntamente en el diagnóstico de hidatidosis, aportando gran especificidad y sensibilidad. La IgG4 se negativiza en poco tiempo si la evolución es favorable, se positiviza en pacientes que sufren recaídas y se mantiene positiva ante la presencia de un quiste residual. Todo esto hace de la IgG4 un buen marcador en el seguimiento de la hidatidosis (AU)

Marketing Financiero

Contenido: 1. Sector Financiero 2. El marketing financiero 3. Comportamiento del consumidor financiero. La investigación comercial 4. La segmentación y el micromarketing 5. Los productos y servicios financieros 6. Distribución en el sector financiero...

Infección urinaria: Estudio prospectivo del valor diagnóstico de pruebas de tamizaje en niños preescolares hospitalizados / Urinary tract infection: A prospective assessment of diagnostic accuracy of rapid dipstick tests in hospitalized toddlers

Se evaluó prospectivamente de mayo 1994 a junio 1995 la utilidad diagnóstica de nitrito, leucocitoesterasa y leucocituria para el diagnóstico de infección urinaria en 108 pacientes hospitalizados menores de 2 años de edad. Las muestras de orina fueron tomadas por punción suprapúbica. La prevalencia de infección urinaria fue de 10 por ciento (11 de 108 pacientes). La sensibilidad (S) y el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) fueron de 100 por ciento para leucocitoesterasa (criterio de positividad 10-25 leucocitos/ml)o para nitrito (criterio de postiivdad cualquier cambio de color). Sin embargo, la especificidad (E) y el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) fueron afectados sustancialmente con dichos umbrales de positividad. La S fue de 82 por ciento y el VPP de 100 por ciento para leucocitoesterasa, con criterio de positividad 500/ml. Para nitrito, con criterio de positividad que excluyó los cambios de color débiles, S fue de 91 por ciento y VPP de 43 por ciento. La especificidad y el valor predictivo negativo se mantuvieron cercanos a 100 por ciento para cualquiera de las pruebas con estos umbrales. La leucocituria tuvo, en general, bajo rendimiento comparaa con las dos pruebas anteriores. La concordancia entre nitrito y leucocitoesterasa fuertemente positivos fue del 100 por ciento. Casi la mitad de los 11 pacientes con urocultivo postivo presentó anormalidades en la ecografía o en la cistouretrografía miccional. Se recomienda iniciar de inmediato el tratamiento de los pacientes cuando la orina tomada por punción suprapúbica resulte fuertemente positiva tanto para leucocitoesterasa como para nitrito. En los casos positivos para leucocitoesterasa solamente o para nitrito solamente, la decisión de iniciar tratamiento dependerá del juicio clínico. Debe realizarse sistemáticamente tanto ecografía renal como cistouretrografía miccional en lactantes y niños menores de 2 años con diagnóstico definido de infección urinaria.